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Node.js language-specific guide

This guide explains how to containerize Node.js applications using Docker.

Table of contents

Node.js is a JavaScript runtime for building server-side applications. This guide shows you how to containerize a TypeScript Node.js application using Docker, starting from a simple Express API and progressively adding features like a database.

This guide focuses on a backend Node.js API. If you're building a standalone frontend application, Docker has dedicated guides for React.js, Vue.js, Angular, and Next.js.

Acknowledgment

Docker thanks Kristiyan Velkov for his contribution to this guide.

What will you learn?

In this guide, you'll learn how to:

  • Containerize and run a Node.js application using Docker.
  • Set up a local development environment using containers.
  • Run tests inside a Docker container.

Start by containerizing a Node.js application.

Prerequisites

  • Basic understanding of JavaScript and TypeScript.
  • Basic knowledge of Node.js and npm.
  • Familiarity with Docker concepts such as images, containers, and Dockerfiles. If you're new to Docker, start with the Docker basics guide.

Containerize a Node.js application

Prerequisites

  • You have installed the latest version of Docker Desktop.
  • You're familiar with basic Docker concepts. If you're new to Docker, start with Get started.

Overview

Containerizing your application means packaging it together with its dependencies, configuration, and runtime into a single portable unit called a container image. Running that image creates a container, an isolated process that behaves the same on any machine, whether it's your laptop, a CI runner, or a production server.

In this section, you'll containerize a simple Express.js API written in TypeScript. You'll write a Dockerfile that describes how to build the image, add a compose.yaml file that defines how Docker runs your container, and then build and start the application with one command.

You'll use Docker Hardened Images as the base. These are minimal, secure Node.js images maintained by Docker.

This guide focuses on a backend Node.js API. If you're building a standalone frontend application, Docker has dedicated guides for React.js, Vue.js, Angular, and Next.js.

Create the application

The sample application is a minimal Express API with a single endpoint that returns a JSON greeting. Create the following files in a new nodejs-docker-example directory. To create all the files at once, switch to the Scaffold script tab in the file browser and copy the shell command.

nodejs-docker-example
// A minimal Express application.
// The root endpoint (GET /) returns a JSON greeting.
// See https://expressjs.com/ for the framework reference.

import express, { type Request, type Response } from "express";

const app = express();
const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT ?? "3000", 10);

app.get("/", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ message: "Hello World" });
});

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server listening on port ${port}`);
});
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch src/index.ts"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3"
  }
}
{
  // TypeScript compiler configuration for the Node.js application.
  // Compiles src/ to dist/ as CommonJS modules targeting ES2022.
  // See https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig/ for all options.
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "ES2022",
    "module": "commonjs",
    "lib": ["ES2022"],
    "outDir": "./dist",
    "rootDir": "./src",
    "strict": true,
    "esModuleInterop": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true
  },
  "include": ["src/**/*"],
  "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"]
}
# Files and directories that Git should ignore. Covers Node.js dependencies,
# TypeScript build output, environment files, and common editor artifacts.
# See https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore for syntax reference.

node_modules/
dist/
.env
*.log
.DS_Store
coverage/
db/password.txt
Overwrites existing files with the same names. Run from the parent of your project directory.
mkdir -p nodejs-docker-example/src && cd nodejs-docker-example
cat > src/index.ts <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
// A minimal Express application.
// The root endpoint (GET /) returns a JSON greeting.
// See https://expressjs.com/ for the framework reference.

import express, { type Request, type Response } from "express";

const app = express();
const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT ?? "3000", 10);

app.get("/", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ message: "Hello World" });
});

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server listening on port ${port}`);
});
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > package.json <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch src/index.ts"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3"
  }
}
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > tsconfig.json <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
{
  // TypeScript compiler configuration for the Node.js application.
  // Compiles src/ to dist/ as CommonJS modules targeting ES2022.
  // See https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig/ for all options.
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "ES2022",
    "module": "commonjs",
    "lib": ["ES2022"],
    "outDir": "./dist",
    "rootDir": "./src",
    "strict": true,
    "esModuleInterop": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true
  },
  "include": ["src/**/*"],
  "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"]
}
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > .gitignore <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
# Files and directories that Git should ignore. Covers Node.js dependencies,
# TypeScript build output, environment files, and common editor artifacts.
# See https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore for syntax reference.

node_modules/
dist/
.env
*.log
.DS_Store
coverage/
db/password.txt
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
# Write files as UTF-8 without BOM. Works on Windows PowerShell 5.1 and PowerShell 7+.
function WriteFile([string]$Path, [string]$Content) {
    $full = Join-Path -Path (Get-Location).ProviderPath -ChildPath $Path
    [System.IO.File]::WriteAllText($full, $Content, [System.Text.UTF8Encoding]::new($false))
}

New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path nodejs-docker-example | Out-Null
New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path nodejs-docker-example/src | Out-Null
Set-Location nodejs-docker-example
WriteFile 'src/index.ts' @'
// A minimal Express application.
// The root endpoint (GET /) returns a JSON greeting.
// See https://expressjs.com/ for the framework reference.

import express, { type Request, type Response } from "express";

const app = express();
const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT ?? "3000", 10);

app.get("/", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ message: "Hello World" });
});

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server listening on port ${port}`);
});
'@
WriteFile 'package.json' @'
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch src/index.ts"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3"
  }
}
'@
WriteFile 'tsconfig.json' @'
{
  // TypeScript compiler configuration for the Node.js application.
  // Compiles src/ to dist/ as CommonJS modules targeting ES2022.
  // See https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig/ for all options.
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "ES2022",
    "module": "commonjs",
    "lib": ["ES2022"],
    "outDir": "./dist",
    "rootDir": "./src",
    "strict": true,
    "esModuleInterop": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true
  },
  "include": ["src/**/*"],
  "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"]
}
'@
WriteFile '.gitignore' @'
# Files and directories that Git should ignore. Covers Node.js dependencies,
# TypeScript build output, environment files, and common editor artifacts.
# See https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore for syntax reference.

node_modules/
dist/
.env
*.log
.DS_Store
coverage/
db/password.txt
'@

If you have Node.js installed and want to verify the app works before containerizing it, you can run it locally.

To run in development mode with hot-reload:

$ npm install
$ npm run dev

To run the compiled production build (matching what the Dockerfile does):

$ npm install
$ npm run build
$ npm start

Then open http://localhost:3000 in your browser. You should see {"message":"Hello World"}.

If you don't have Node.js installed, skip ahead. The remaining steps run the application in a container, with no local Node.js required.

Create the Docker assets

Sign in to the DHI registry so Docker can pull the Node.js base images during the build. The available Node.js images are listed in the catalog.

$ docker login dhi.io

Add the following three files to your nodejs-docker-example directory. The Dockerfile describes how to build the image, compose.yaml defines how Docker runs the container, and .dockerignore keeps unwanted files out of the build context.

Tip

Gordon, Docker's AI assistant, can generate Docker assets for your project. Ask Gordon to create a Dockerfile, Compose file, and .dockerignore tailored to your application.

nodejs-docker-example
// A minimal Express application.
// The root endpoint (GET /) returns a JSON greeting.
// See https://expressjs.com/ for the framework reference.

import express, { type Request, type Response } from "express";

const app = express();
const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT ?? "3000", 10);

app.get("/", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ message: "Hello World" });
});

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server listening on port ${port}`);
});
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch src/index.ts"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3"
  }
}
{
  // TypeScript compiler configuration for the Node.js application.
  // Compiles src/ to dist/ as CommonJS modules targeting ES2022.
  // See https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig/ for all options.
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "ES2022",
    "module": "commonjs",
    "lib": ["ES2022"],
    "outDir": "./dist",
    "rootDir": "./src",
    "strict": true,
    "esModuleInterop": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true
  },
  "include": ["src/**/*"],
  "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"]
}
# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1

# Comments are provided throughout this file to help you get started.
# If you need more help, visit the Dockerfile reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/dockerfile-reference/

# This Dockerfile uses Docker Hardened Images (DHI) for enhanced security.
# For more information, see https://docs.docker.com/dhi/

# Builder stage: install all dependencies and compile TypeScript.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23-dev AS builder

WORKDIR /app

# Install dependencies as a separate step to take advantage of Docker's
# caching. Leverage a cache mount to /root/.npm to speed up subsequent
# builds. Leverage a bind mount to package.json to avoid having to copy
# it into this layer.
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    npm install
# Once you create a package-lock.json by running npm install locally, switch to npm ci and bind both files:
# RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package-lock.json,target=package-lock.json \
#     npm ci

# Copy the source code into the container and compile TypeScript.
COPY . .
RUN npm run build


# Deps stage: install production dependencies only.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23-dev AS deps

WORKDIR /app

RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    npm install --omit=dev
# Once you create a package-lock.json by running npm install locally, switch to npm ci and bind both files:
# RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package-lock.json,target=package-lock.json \
#     npm ci --omit=dev


# Runner stage: minimal runtime image with compiled app and production deps.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23 AS runner

ENV PATH=/app/node_modules/.bin:$PATH

WORKDIR /app

COPY --from=deps --chown=node:node /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=builder --chown=node:node /app/dist ./dist

# Expose the port that the application listens on.
EXPOSE 3000

# Run the application.
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]
# Comments are provided throughout this file to help you get started.
# If you need more help, visit the Docker Compose reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/compose-spec-reference/

# Here the instructions define your application as a service called "server".
# This service is built from the Dockerfile in the current directory.
# You can add other services your application may depend on here, such as a
# database or a cache. For examples, see the Awesome Compose repository:
# https://github.com/docker/awesome-compose
services:
  server:
    build:
      context: .
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
# Include any files or directories that you don't want to be copied to your
# container here (e.g., local build artifacts, temporary files, etc.).
#
# For more help, visit the .dockerignore file reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/build-context-dockerignore/

node_modules/
dist/
.env
.git
.gitignore
.DS_Store
npm-debug.log*
coverage/
db/
# Files and directories that Git should ignore. Covers Node.js dependencies,
# TypeScript build output, environment files, and common editor artifacts.
# See https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore for syntax reference.

node_modules/
dist/
.env
*.log
.DS_Store
coverage/
db/password.txt
Overwrites existing files with the same names. Run from the parent of your project directory.
mkdir -p nodejs-docker-example/src && cd nodejs-docker-example
cat > src/index.ts <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
// A minimal Express application.
// The root endpoint (GET /) returns a JSON greeting.
// See https://expressjs.com/ for the framework reference.

import express, { type Request, type Response } from "express";

const app = express();
const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT ?? "3000", 10);

app.get("/", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ message: "Hello World" });
});

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server listening on port ${port}`);
});
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > package.json <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch src/index.ts"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3"
  }
}
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > tsconfig.json <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
{
  // TypeScript compiler configuration for the Node.js application.
  // Compiles src/ to dist/ as CommonJS modules targeting ES2022.
  // See https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig/ for all options.
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "ES2022",
    "module": "commonjs",
    "lib": ["ES2022"],
    "outDir": "./dist",
    "rootDir": "./src",
    "strict": true,
    "esModuleInterop": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true
  },
  "include": ["src/**/*"],
  "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"]
}
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > Dockerfile <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1

# Comments are provided throughout this file to help you get started.
# If you need more help, visit the Dockerfile reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/dockerfile-reference/

# This Dockerfile uses Docker Hardened Images (DHI) for enhanced security.
# For more information, see https://docs.docker.com/dhi/

# Builder stage: install all dependencies and compile TypeScript.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23-dev AS builder

WORKDIR /app

# Install dependencies as a separate step to take advantage of Docker's
# caching. Leverage a cache mount to /root/.npm to speed up subsequent
# builds. Leverage a bind mount to package.json to avoid having to copy
# it into this layer.
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    npm install
# Once you create a package-lock.json by running npm install locally, switch to npm ci and bind both files:
# RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package-lock.json,target=package-lock.json \
#     npm ci

# Copy the source code into the container and compile TypeScript.
COPY . .
RUN npm run build


# Deps stage: install production dependencies only.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23-dev AS deps

WORKDIR /app

RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    npm install --omit=dev
# Once you create a package-lock.json by running npm install locally, switch to npm ci and bind both files:
# RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package-lock.json,target=package-lock.json \
#     npm ci --omit=dev


# Runner stage: minimal runtime image with compiled app and production deps.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23 AS runner

ENV PATH=/app/node_modules/.bin:$PATH

WORKDIR /app

COPY --from=deps --chown=node:node /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=builder --chown=node:node /app/dist ./dist

# Expose the port that the application listens on.
EXPOSE 3000

# Run the application.
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > compose.yaml <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
# Comments are provided throughout this file to help you get started.
# If you need more help, visit the Docker Compose reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/compose-spec-reference/

# Here the instructions define your application as a service called "server".
# This service is built from the Dockerfile in the current directory.
# You can add other services your application may depend on here, such as a
# database or a cache. For examples, see the Awesome Compose repository:
# https://github.com/docker/awesome-compose
services:
  server:
    build:
      context: .
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > .dockerignore <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
# Include any files or directories that you don't want to be copied to your
# container here (e.g., local build artifacts, temporary files, etc.).
#
# For more help, visit the .dockerignore file reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/build-context-dockerignore/

node_modules/
dist/
.env
.git
.gitignore
.DS_Store
npm-debug.log*
coverage/
db/
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > .gitignore <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
# Files and directories that Git should ignore. Covers Node.js dependencies,
# TypeScript build output, environment files, and common editor artifacts.
# See https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore for syntax reference.

node_modules/
dist/
.env
*.log
.DS_Store
coverage/
db/password.txt
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
# Write files as UTF-8 without BOM. Works on Windows PowerShell 5.1 and PowerShell 7+.
function WriteFile([string]$Path, [string]$Content) {
    $full = Join-Path -Path (Get-Location).ProviderPath -ChildPath $Path
    [System.IO.File]::WriteAllText($full, $Content, [System.Text.UTF8Encoding]::new($false))
}

New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path nodejs-docker-example | Out-Null
New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path nodejs-docker-example/src | Out-Null
Set-Location nodejs-docker-example
WriteFile 'src/index.ts' @'
// A minimal Express application.
// The root endpoint (GET /) returns a JSON greeting.
// See https://expressjs.com/ for the framework reference.

import express, { type Request, type Response } from "express";

const app = express();
const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT ?? "3000", 10);

app.get("/", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ message: "Hello World" });
});

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server listening on port ${port}`);
});
'@
WriteFile 'package.json' @'
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch src/index.ts"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3"
  }
}
'@
WriteFile 'tsconfig.json' @'
{
  // TypeScript compiler configuration for the Node.js application.
  // Compiles src/ to dist/ as CommonJS modules targeting ES2022.
  // See https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig/ for all options.
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "ES2022",
    "module": "commonjs",
    "lib": ["ES2022"],
    "outDir": "./dist",
    "rootDir": "./src",
    "strict": true,
    "esModuleInterop": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true
  },
  "include": ["src/**/*"],
  "exclude": ["node_modules", "dist"]
}
'@
WriteFile 'Dockerfile' @'
# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1

# Comments are provided throughout this file to help you get started.
# If you need more help, visit the Dockerfile reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/dockerfile-reference/

# This Dockerfile uses Docker Hardened Images (DHI) for enhanced security.
# For more information, see https://docs.docker.com/dhi/

# Builder stage: install all dependencies and compile TypeScript.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23-dev AS builder

WORKDIR /app

# Install dependencies as a separate step to take advantage of Docker's
# caching. Leverage a cache mount to /root/.npm to speed up subsequent
# builds. Leverage a bind mount to package.json to avoid having to copy
# it into this layer.
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    npm install
# Once you create a package-lock.json by running npm install locally, switch to npm ci and bind both files:
# RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package-lock.json,target=package-lock.json \
#     npm ci

# Copy the source code into the container and compile TypeScript.
COPY . .
RUN npm run build


# Deps stage: install production dependencies only.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23-dev AS deps

WORKDIR /app

RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    npm install --omit=dev
# Once you create a package-lock.json by running npm install locally, switch to npm ci and bind both files:
# RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package-lock.json,target=package-lock.json \
#     npm ci --omit=dev


# Runner stage: minimal runtime image with compiled app and production deps.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23 AS runner

ENV PATH=/app/node_modules/.bin:$PATH

WORKDIR /app

COPY --from=deps --chown=node:node /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=builder --chown=node:node /app/dist ./dist

# Expose the port that the application listens on.
EXPOSE 3000

# Run the application.
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]
'@
WriteFile 'compose.yaml' @'
# Comments are provided throughout this file to help you get started.
# If you need more help, visit the Docker Compose reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/compose-spec-reference/

# Here the instructions define your application as a service called "server".
# This service is built from the Dockerfile in the current directory.
# You can add other services your application may depend on here, such as a
# database or a cache. For examples, see the Awesome Compose repository:
# https://github.com/docker/awesome-compose
services:
  server:
    build:
      context: .
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
'@
WriteFile '.dockerignore' @'
# Include any files or directories that you don't want to be copied to your
# container here (e.g., local build artifacts, temporary files, etc.).
#
# For more help, visit the .dockerignore file reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/build-context-dockerignore/

node_modules/
dist/
.env
.git
.gitignore
.DS_Store
npm-debug.log*
coverage/
db/
'@
WriteFile '.gitignore' @'
# Files and directories that Git should ignore. Covers Node.js dependencies,
# TypeScript build output, environment files, and common editor artifacts.
# See https://git-scm.com/docs/gitignore for syntax reference.

node_modules/
dist/
.env
*.log
.DS_Store
coverage/
db/password.txt
'@

The Dockerfile uses three stages. The builder stage installs all dependencies and compiles TypeScript. The deps stage does a fresh install of production-only dependencies. The runner stage copies the compiled output and production node_modules into a minimal runtime image that contains only Node.js.

To learn more about each file, see the following:

Run the application

Inside the nodejs-docker-example directory, run the following command in a terminal.

$ docker compose up --build

Open a browser and view the application at http://localhost:3000. You should see {"message":"Hello World"}.

In the terminal, press ctrl+c to stop the application.

Run the application in the background

You can run the application detached from the terminal by adding the -d option. Inside the nodejs-docker-example directory, run the following command in a terminal.

$ docker compose up --build -d

Open a browser and view the application at http://localhost:3000.

In the terminal, run the following command to stop the application.

$ docker compose down

For more information about Compose commands, see the Compose CLI reference.

Use containers for Node.js development

Prerequisites

Complete Containerize a Node.js application.

Overview

Once your application runs in a container, the next step is making the container part of your everyday development workflow. Code changes should show up quickly, and services your app depends on, like databases, should run right alongside it.

In this section, you'll adapt the Dockerfile for local development by renaming the builder stage to dev and pointing Compose at it. You'll also update the application to connect to a PostgreSQL database, add a database service to compose.yaml, persist data in a named volume, enable Compose Watch so changes in your editor are picked up without a manual rebuild, and set up Node.js debugging so you can attach VS Code or Chrome DevTools to the running container.

Update the application

You'll update your application to connect to a PostgreSQL database. Continue working in your nodejs-docker-example directory.

Replace src/index.ts and package.json with the following contents. The file browser shows only the files that change in this step.

Note

The application won't run yet after this step. It tries to connect to a PostgreSQL database that doesn't exist. The next two sections add the database service and the Docker configuration needed to run everything together.

nodejs-docker-example
// Express application backed by a PostgreSQL database.
// Creates a heroes table at startup.
// Endpoints: GET / (greeting), GET /health (health check), POST /heroes/ (create), GET /heroes/ (list).
// See https://expressjs.com/ and https://node-postgres.com/

import express, { type Request, type Response } from "express";
import { Pool } from "pg";
import { readFileSync } from "fs";

const app = express();
const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT ?? "3000", 10);

app.use(express.json());

function getPassword(): string {
  const passwordFile = process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE;
  if (passwordFile) {
    return readFileSync(passwordFile, "utf8").trim();
  }
  return process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD ?? "";
}

const pool = new Pool({
  host: process.env.POSTGRES_SERVER,
  port: 5432,
  database: process.env.POSTGRES_DB,
  user: process.env.POSTGRES_USER,
  password: getPassword(),
});

pool
  .query(
    `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS heroes (
      id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
      name TEXT NOT NULL,
      secret_name TEXT NOT NULL,
      age INTEGER
    )`,
  )
  .catch(console.error);

app.get("/", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ message: "Hello World" });
});

app.get("/health", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ status: "ok" });
});

app.post("/heroes/", async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
  const { name, secret_name, age } = req.body as {
    name: string;
    secret_name: string;
    age?: number;
  };
  const result = await pool.query(
    "INSERT INTO heroes (name, secret_name, age) VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING *",
    [name, secret_name, age],
  );
  res.json(result.rows[0]);
});

app.get("/heroes/", async (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  const result = await pool.query("SELECT * FROM heroes");
  res.json(result.rows);
});

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server listening on port ${port}`);
});
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch src/index.ts"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2",
    "pg": "^8.16.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "@types/pg": "^8.11.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3"
  }
}
Overwrites existing files with the same names. Run from the parent of your project directory.
mkdir -p nodejs-docker-example/src && cd nodejs-docker-example
cat > src/index.ts <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
// Express application backed by a PostgreSQL database.
// Creates a heroes table at startup.
// Endpoints: GET / (greeting), GET /health (health check), POST /heroes/ (create), GET /heroes/ (list).
// See https://expressjs.com/ and https://node-postgres.com/

import express, { type Request, type Response } from "express";
import { Pool } from "pg";
import { readFileSync } from "fs";

const app = express();
const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT ?? "3000", 10);

app.use(express.json());

function getPassword(): string {
  const passwordFile = process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE;
  if (passwordFile) {
    return readFileSync(passwordFile, "utf8").trim();
  }
  return process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD ?? "";
}

const pool = new Pool({
  host: process.env.POSTGRES_SERVER,
  port: 5432,
  database: process.env.POSTGRES_DB,
  user: process.env.POSTGRES_USER,
  password: getPassword(),
});

pool
  .query(
    `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS heroes (
      id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
      name TEXT NOT NULL,
      secret_name TEXT NOT NULL,
      age INTEGER
    )`,
  )
  .catch(console.error);

app.get("/", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ message: "Hello World" });
});

app.get("/health", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ status: "ok" });
});

app.post("/heroes/", async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
  const { name, secret_name, age } = req.body as {
    name: string;
    secret_name: string;
    age?: number;
  };
  const result = await pool.query(
    "INSERT INTO heroes (name, secret_name, age) VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING *",
    [name, secret_name, age],
  );
  res.json(result.rows[0]);
});

app.get("/heroes/", async (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  const result = await pool.query("SELECT * FROM heroes");
  res.json(result.rows);
});

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server listening on port ${port}`);
});
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > package.json <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch src/index.ts"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2",
    "pg": "^8.16.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "@types/pg": "^8.11.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3"
  }
}
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
# Write files as UTF-8 without BOM. Works on Windows PowerShell 5.1 and PowerShell 7+.
function WriteFile([string]$Path, [string]$Content) {
    $full = Join-Path -Path (Get-Location).ProviderPath -ChildPath $Path
    [System.IO.File]::WriteAllText($full, $Content, [System.Text.UTF8Encoding]::new($false))
}

New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path nodejs-docker-example | Out-Null
New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path nodejs-docker-example/src | Out-Null
Set-Location nodejs-docker-example
WriteFile 'src/index.ts' @'
// Express application backed by a PostgreSQL database.
// Creates a heroes table at startup.
// Endpoints: GET / (greeting), GET /health (health check), POST /heroes/ (create), GET /heroes/ (list).
// See https://expressjs.com/ and https://node-postgres.com/

import express, { type Request, type Response } from "express";
import { Pool } from "pg";
import { readFileSync } from "fs";

const app = express();
const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT ?? "3000", 10);

app.use(express.json());

function getPassword(): string {
  const passwordFile = process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE;
  if (passwordFile) {
    return readFileSync(passwordFile, "utf8").trim();
  }
  return process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD ?? "";
}

const pool = new Pool({
  host: process.env.POSTGRES_SERVER,
  port: 5432,
  database: process.env.POSTGRES_DB,
  user: process.env.POSTGRES_USER,
  password: getPassword(),
});

pool
  .query(
    `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS heroes (
      id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
      name TEXT NOT NULL,
      secret_name TEXT NOT NULL,
      age INTEGER
    )`,
  )
  .catch(console.error);

app.get("/", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ message: "Hello World" });
});

app.get("/health", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ status: "ok" });
});

app.post("/heroes/", async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
  const { name, secret_name, age } = req.body as {
    name: string;
    secret_name: string;
    age?: number;
  };
  const result = await pool.query(
    "INSERT INTO heroes (name, secret_name, age) VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING *",
    [name, secret_name, age],
  );
  res.json(result.rows[0]);
});

app.get("/heroes/", async (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  const result = await pool.query("SELECT * FROM heroes");
  res.json(result.rows);
});

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server listening on port ${port}`);
});
'@
WriteFile 'package.json' @'
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch src/index.ts"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2",
    "pg": "^8.16.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "@types/pg": "^8.11.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3"
  }
}
'@

Update Docker assets

Replace Dockerfile and compose.yaml with the following.

nodejs-docker-example
# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1

# Comments are provided throughout this file to help you get started.
# If you need more help, visit the Dockerfile reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/dockerfile-reference/

# This Dockerfile uses Docker Hardened Images (DHI) for enhanced security.
# For more information, see https://docs.docker.com/dhi/

# Development stage: install all dependencies, compile TypeScript, and
# serve with hot-reload. Used directly in development via compose.yaml.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23-dev AS dev

WORKDIR /app

# Install dependencies as a separate step to take advantage of Docker's
# caching. Leverage a cache mount to /root/.npm to speed up subsequent
# builds. Leverage a bind mount to package.json to avoid having to copy
# it into this layer.
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    npm install
# Once you create a package-lock.json by running npm install locally, switch to npm ci and bind both files:
# RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package-lock.json,target=package-lock.json \
#     npm ci

# Copy the source code into the container and compile TypeScript.
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

# Expose the port that the application listens on.
EXPOSE 3000

# Run the application in development mode.
CMD ["npm", "run", "dev"]


# Deps stage: install production dependencies only.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23-dev AS deps

WORKDIR /app

RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    npm install --omit=dev
# Once you create a package-lock.json by running npm install locally, switch to npm ci and bind both files:
# RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package-lock.json,target=package-lock.json \
#     npm ci --omit=dev


# Runner stage: minimal runtime image with compiled app and production deps.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23 AS runner

ENV PATH=/app/node_modules/.bin:$PATH

WORKDIR /app

COPY --from=deps --chown=node:node /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=dev --chown=node:node /app/dist ./dist

# Expose the port that the application listens on.
EXPOSE 3000

# Run the application.
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]
services:
  # Application service. The `target: dev` line builds the development
  # image (includes tsx and dev tooling); the runner stage of the
  # Dockerfile is unused in development.
  server:
    build:
      context: .
      target: dev
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
Overwrites existing files with the same names. Run from the parent of your project directory.
mkdir nodejs-docker-example && cd nodejs-docker-example
cat > Dockerfile <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1

# Comments are provided throughout this file to help you get started.
# If you need more help, visit the Dockerfile reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/dockerfile-reference/

# This Dockerfile uses Docker Hardened Images (DHI) for enhanced security.
# For more information, see https://docs.docker.com/dhi/

# Development stage: install all dependencies, compile TypeScript, and
# serve with hot-reload. Used directly in development via compose.yaml.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23-dev AS dev

WORKDIR /app

# Install dependencies as a separate step to take advantage of Docker's
# caching. Leverage a cache mount to /root/.npm to speed up subsequent
# builds. Leverage a bind mount to package.json to avoid having to copy
# it into this layer.
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    npm install
# Once you create a package-lock.json by running npm install locally, switch to npm ci and bind both files:
# RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package-lock.json,target=package-lock.json \
#     npm ci

# Copy the source code into the container and compile TypeScript.
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

# Expose the port that the application listens on.
EXPOSE 3000

# Run the application in development mode.
CMD ["npm", "run", "dev"]


# Deps stage: install production dependencies only.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23-dev AS deps

WORKDIR /app

RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    npm install --omit=dev
# Once you create a package-lock.json by running npm install locally, switch to npm ci and bind both files:
# RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package-lock.json,target=package-lock.json \
#     npm ci --omit=dev


# Runner stage: minimal runtime image with compiled app and production deps.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23 AS runner

ENV PATH=/app/node_modules/.bin:$PATH

WORKDIR /app

COPY --from=deps --chown=node:node /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=dev --chown=node:node /app/dist ./dist

# Expose the port that the application listens on.
EXPOSE 3000

# Run the application.
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > compose.yaml <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
services:
  # Application service. The `target: dev` line builds the development
  # image (includes tsx and dev tooling); the runner stage of the
  # Dockerfile is unused in development.
  server:
    build:
      context: .
      target: dev
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
# Write files as UTF-8 without BOM. Works on Windows PowerShell 5.1 and PowerShell 7+.
function WriteFile([string]$Path, [string]$Content) {
    $full = Join-Path -Path (Get-Location).ProviderPath -ChildPath $Path
    [System.IO.File]::WriteAllText($full, $Content, [System.Text.UTF8Encoding]::new($false))
}

New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path nodejs-docker-example | Out-Null
Set-Location nodejs-docker-example
WriteFile 'Dockerfile' @'
# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1

# Comments are provided throughout this file to help you get started.
# If you need more help, visit the Dockerfile reference guide at
# https://docs.docker.com/go/dockerfile-reference/

# This Dockerfile uses Docker Hardened Images (DHI) for enhanced security.
# For more information, see https://docs.docker.com/dhi/

# Development stage: install all dependencies, compile TypeScript, and
# serve with hot-reload. Used directly in development via compose.yaml.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23-dev AS dev

WORKDIR /app

# Install dependencies as a separate step to take advantage of Docker's
# caching. Leverage a cache mount to /root/.npm to speed up subsequent
# builds. Leverage a bind mount to package.json to avoid having to copy
# it into this layer.
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    npm install
# Once you create a package-lock.json by running npm install locally, switch to npm ci and bind both files:
# RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package-lock.json,target=package-lock.json \
#     npm ci

# Copy the source code into the container and compile TypeScript.
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

# Expose the port that the application listens on.
EXPOSE 3000

# Run the application in development mode.
CMD ["npm", "run", "dev"]


# Deps stage: install production dependencies only.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23-dev AS deps

WORKDIR /app

RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    npm install --omit=dev
# Once you create a package-lock.json by running npm install locally, switch to npm ci and bind both files:
# RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
#     --mount=type=bind,source=package-lock.json,target=package-lock.json \
#     npm ci --omit=dev


# Runner stage: minimal runtime image with compiled app and production deps.
FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23 AS runner

ENV PATH=/app/node_modules/.bin:$PATH

WORKDIR /app

COPY --from=deps --chown=node:node /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=dev --chown=node:node /app/dist ./dist

# Expose the port that the application listens on.
EXPOSE 3000

# Run the application.
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]
'@
WriteFile 'compose.yaml' @'
services:
  # Application service. The `target: dev` line builds the development
  # image (includes tsx and dev tooling); the runner stage of the
  # Dockerfile is unused in development.
  server:
    build:
      context: .
      target: dev
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
'@

About these changes

The builder stage from containerize is renamed to dev and gains EXPOSE 3000 and CMD ["npm", "run", "dev"], which runs tsx watch for hot-reload. The deps and runner stages are unchanged.

In compose.yaml, the new target: dev line tells Compose to build and run the dev stage during development. Unlike the production image, the development image includes tsx and other dev tooling. If you need a shell in a running production container, use Docker Debug instead.

The build step runs tsc, which compiles each TypeScript file into a corresponding JavaScript file. esbuild is a popular alternative that bundles everything into a single output file and builds significantly faster. To switch, replace the tsc call in package.json with an esbuild command and update the COPY --from=dev path in the runner stage to match esbuild's output.

Add a local database and persist data

You can use containers to set up local services, like a database. In this section, you'll update the compose.yaml file to define a database service and a volume to persist data, and add a db/password.txt file that holds the database password.

nodejs-docker-example
services:
  # Application service. The `target: dev` line builds the development
  # image (includes tsx and dev tooling); the runner stage of the
  # Dockerfile is unused in development.
  server:
    build:
      context: .
      target: dev
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_SERVER=db
      - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    secrets:
      - db-password
  # Database service. Reads the password from a Docker secret mounted at
  # /run/secrets/db-password. Compose waits for the healthcheck to pass
  # before starting the server, via the server's depends_on.
  db:
    image: dhi.io/postgres:18
    restart: always
    user: postgres
    secrets:
      - db-password
    volumes:
      - db-data:/var/lib/postgresql
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    expose:
      - 5432
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "pg_isready"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
volumes:
  db-data:
secrets:
  db-password:
    file: db/password.txt
mysecretpassword
Overwrites existing files with the same names. Run from the parent of your project directory.
mkdir -p nodejs-docker-example/db && cd nodejs-docker-example
cat > compose.yaml <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
services:
  # Application service. The `target: dev` line builds the development
  # image (includes tsx and dev tooling); the runner stage of the
  # Dockerfile is unused in development.
  server:
    build:
      context: .
      target: dev
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_SERVER=db
      - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    secrets:
      - db-password
  # Database service. Reads the password from a Docker secret mounted at
  # /run/secrets/db-password. Compose waits for the healthcheck to pass
  # before starting the server, via the server's depends_on.
  db:
    image: dhi.io/postgres:18
    restart: always
    user: postgres
    secrets:
      - db-password
    volumes:
      - db-data:/var/lib/postgresql
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    expose:
      - 5432
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "pg_isready"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
volumes:
  db-data:
secrets:
  db-password:
    file: db/password.txt
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > db/password.txt <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
mysecretpassword
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
# Write files as UTF-8 without BOM. Works on Windows PowerShell 5.1 and PowerShell 7+.
function WriteFile([string]$Path, [string]$Content) {
    $full = Join-Path -Path (Get-Location).ProviderPath -ChildPath $Path
    [System.IO.File]::WriteAllText($full, $Content, [System.Text.UTF8Encoding]::new($false))
}

New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path nodejs-docker-example | Out-Null
New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path nodejs-docker-example/db | Out-Null
Set-Location nodejs-docker-example
WriteFile 'compose.yaml' @'
services:
  # Application service. The `target: dev` line builds the development
  # image (includes tsx and dev tooling); the runner stage of the
  # Dockerfile is unused in development.
  server:
    build:
      context: .
      target: dev
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_SERVER=db
      - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    secrets:
      - db-password
  # Database service. Reads the password from a Docker secret mounted at
  # /run/secrets/db-password. Compose waits for the healthcheck to pass
  # before starting the server, via the server's depends_on.
  db:
    image: dhi.io/postgres:18
    restart: always
    user: postgres
    secrets:
      - db-password
    volumes:
      - db-data:/var/lib/postgresql
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    expose:
      - 5432
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "pg_isready"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
volumes:
  db-data:
secrets:
  db-password:
    file: db/password.txt
'@
WriteFile 'db/password.txt' @'
mysecretpassword
'@
Note

To learn more about the instructions in the Compose file, see Compose file reference.

Now, run the following docker compose up command to start your application.

$ docker compose up --build

Now test your API endpoint. Open a new terminal and make a request to the server using the curl commands.

Create an object with a POST request:

$ curl -X 'POST' \
  'http://localhost:3000/heroes/' \
  -H 'accept: application/json' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
  -d '{
  "name": "my hero",
  "secret_name": "austing",
  "age": 12
}'

You should receive the following response:

{
  "id": 1,
  "name": "my hero",
  "secret_name": "austing",
  "age": 12
}

Now make a GET request:

$ curl http://localhost:3000/heroes/

You should receive the same response because it's the only object in the database.

Press ctrl+c in the terminal to stop your application.

Automatically update services

Use Compose Watch to automatically update your running Compose services as you edit and save your code. For more details about Compose Watch, see Use Compose Watch.

Open your compose.yaml file in an IDE or text editor and add the highlighted Compose Watch instructions.

nodejs-docker-example
services:
  # Application service. The `target: dev` line builds the development
  # image (includes tsx and dev tooling); the runner stage of the
  # Dockerfile is unused in development.
  server:
    build:
      context: .
      target: dev
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_SERVER=db
      - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    secrets:
      - db-password
    develop:
      watch:
        - action: sync
          path: ./src
          target: /app/src
        - action: rebuild
          path: package.json
  db:
    image: dhi.io/postgres:18
    restart: always
    user: postgres
    secrets:
      - db-password
    volumes:
      - db-data:/var/lib/postgresql
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    expose:
      - 5432
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "pg_isready"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
volumes:
  db-data:
secrets:
  db-password:
    file: db/password.txt
Overwrites existing files with the same names. Run from the parent of your project directory.
mkdir nodejs-docker-example && cd nodejs-docker-example
cat > compose.yaml <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
services:
  # Application service. The `target: dev` line builds the development
  # image (includes tsx and dev tooling); the runner stage of the
  # Dockerfile is unused in development.
  server:
    build:
      context: .
      target: dev
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_SERVER=db
      - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    secrets:
      - db-password
    develop:
      watch:
        - action: sync
          path: ./src
          target: /app/src
        - action: rebuild
          path: package.json
  db:
    image: dhi.io/postgres:18
    restart: always
    user: postgres
    secrets:
      - db-password
    volumes:
      - db-data:/var/lib/postgresql
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    expose:
      - 5432
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "pg_isready"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
volumes:
  db-data:
secrets:
  db-password:
    file: db/password.txt
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
# Write files as UTF-8 without BOM. Works on Windows PowerShell 5.1 and PowerShell 7+.
function WriteFile([string]$Path, [string]$Content) {
    $full = Join-Path -Path (Get-Location).ProviderPath -ChildPath $Path
    [System.IO.File]::WriteAllText($full, $Content, [System.Text.UTF8Encoding]::new($false))
}

New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path nodejs-docker-example | Out-Null
Set-Location nodejs-docker-example
WriteFile 'compose.yaml' @'
services:
  # Application service. The `target: dev` line builds the development
  # image (includes tsx and dev tooling); the runner stage of the
  # Dockerfile is unused in development.
  server:
    build:
      context: .
      target: dev
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_SERVER=db
      - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    secrets:
      - db-password
    develop:
      watch:
        - action: sync
          path: ./src
          target: /app/src
        - action: rebuild
          path: package.json
  db:
    image: dhi.io/postgres:18
    restart: always
    user: postgres
    secrets:
      - db-password
    volumes:
      - db-data:/var/lib/postgresql
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    expose:
      - 5432
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "pg_isready"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
volumes:
  db-data:
secrets:
  db-password:
    file: db/password.txt
'@

Run the following command to run your application with Compose Watch.

$ docker compose watch

In a terminal, curl the application to get a response.

$ curl http://localhost:3000
{"message":"Hello World"}

Any changes to the application's source files on your local machine will now be immediately reflected in the running container.

Open nodejs-docker-example/src/index.ts in an IDE or text editor and update the Hello World string by adding a few more exclamation marks.

-  res.json({ message: 'Hello World' });
+  res.json({ message: 'Hello World!!!' });

Save the changes to src/index.ts and then wait a few seconds for the application to reload. Curl the application again and verify that the updated text appears.

$ curl http://localhost:3000
{"message":"Hello World!!!"}

Press ctrl+c in the terminal to stop your application.

Debug your application

tsx watch supports the Node.js inspector protocol, so you can attach a debugger from VS Code or Chrome DevTools and set breakpoints directly in your TypeScript source files.

Update the dev script in package.json to start the inspector. The --inspect=0.0.0.0:9229 flag tells Node.js to listen for debugger connections on all network interfaces at port 9229. Using 0.0.0.0 rather than localhost is necessary so the debugger is reachable from outside the container. Also expose the debug port in compose.yaml, and add a .vscode/launch.json file that tells VS Code how to attach to the running inspector.

nodejs-docker-example
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch --inspect=0.0.0.0:9229 src/index.ts"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2",
    "pg": "^8.16.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "@types/pg": "^8.11.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3"
  }
}
{
  "version": "0.2.0",
  "configurations": [
    {
      "name": "Attach to Docker Container",
      "type": "node",
      "request": "attach",
      "port": 9229,
      "address": "localhost",
      "localRoot": "${workspaceFolder}",
      "remoteRoot": "/app",
      "protocol": "inspector",
      "restart": true,
      "sourceMaps": true,
      "skipFiles": ["<node_internals>/**"]
    }
  ]
}
services:
  # Application service. The `target: dev` line builds the development
  # image (includes tsx and dev tooling); the runner stage of the
  # Dockerfile is unused in development.
  server:
    build:
      context: .
      target: dev
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
      - 9229:9229
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_SERVER=db
      - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    secrets:
      - db-password
    develop:
      watch:
        - action: sync
          path: ./src
          target: /app/src
        - action: rebuild
          path: package.json
  db:
    image: dhi.io/postgres:18
    restart: always
    user: postgres
    secrets:
      - db-password
    volumes:
      - db-data:/var/lib/postgresql
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    expose:
      - 5432
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "pg_isready"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
volumes:
  db-data:
secrets:
  db-password:
    file: db/password.txt
Overwrites existing files with the same names. Run from the parent of your project directory.
mkdir -p nodejs-docker-example/.vscode && cd nodejs-docker-example
cat > package.json <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch --inspect=0.0.0.0:9229 src/index.ts"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2",
    "pg": "^8.16.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "@types/pg": "^8.11.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3"
  }
}
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > .vscode/launch.json <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
{
  "version": "0.2.0",
  "configurations": [
    {
      "name": "Attach to Docker Container",
      "type": "node",
      "request": "attach",
      "port": 9229,
      "address": "localhost",
      "localRoot": "${workspaceFolder}",
      "remoteRoot": "/app",
      "protocol": "inspector",
      "restart": true,
      "sourceMaps": true,
      "skipFiles": ["<node_internals>/**"]
    }
  ]
}
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > compose.yaml <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
services:
  # Application service. The `target: dev` line builds the development
  # image (includes tsx and dev tooling); the runner stage of the
  # Dockerfile is unused in development.
  server:
    build:
      context: .
      target: dev
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
      - 9229:9229
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_SERVER=db
      - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    secrets:
      - db-password
    develop:
      watch:
        - action: sync
          path: ./src
          target: /app/src
        - action: rebuild
          path: package.json
  db:
    image: dhi.io/postgres:18
    restart: always
    user: postgres
    secrets:
      - db-password
    volumes:
      - db-data:/var/lib/postgresql
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    expose:
      - 5432
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "pg_isready"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
volumes:
  db-data:
secrets:
  db-password:
    file: db/password.txt
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
# Write files as UTF-8 without BOM. Works on Windows PowerShell 5.1 and PowerShell 7+.
function WriteFile([string]$Path, [string]$Content) {
    $full = Join-Path -Path (Get-Location).ProviderPath -ChildPath $Path
    [System.IO.File]::WriteAllText($full, $Content, [System.Text.UTF8Encoding]::new($false))
}

New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path nodejs-docker-example | Out-Null
New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path nodejs-docker-example/.vscode | Out-Null
Set-Location nodejs-docker-example
WriteFile 'package.json' @'
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch --inspect=0.0.0.0:9229 src/index.ts"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2",
    "pg": "^8.16.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "@types/pg": "^8.11.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3"
  }
}
'@
WriteFile '.vscode/launch.json' @'
{
  "version": "0.2.0",
  "configurations": [
    {
      "name": "Attach to Docker Container",
      "type": "node",
      "request": "attach",
      "port": 9229,
      "address": "localhost",
      "localRoot": "${workspaceFolder}",
      "remoteRoot": "/app",
      "protocol": "inspector",
      "restart": true,
      "sourceMaps": true,
      "skipFiles": ["<node_internals>/**"]
    }
  ]
}
'@
WriteFile 'compose.yaml' @'
services:
  # Application service. The `target: dev` line builds the development
  # image (includes tsx and dev tooling); the runner stage of the
  # Dockerfile is unused in development.
  server:
    build:
      context: .
      target: dev
    ports:
      - 3000:3000
      - 9229:9229
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_SERVER=db
      - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    secrets:
      - db-password
    develop:
      watch:
        - action: sync
          path: ./src
          target: /app/src
        - action: rebuild
          path: package.json
  db:
    image: dhi.io/postgres:18
    restart: always
    user: postgres
    secrets:
      - db-password
    volumes:
      - db-data:/var/lib/postgresql
    environment:
      - POSTGRES_DB=example
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db-password
    expose:
      - 5432
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "pg_isready"]
      interval: 10s
      timeout: 5s
      retries: 5
volumes:
  db-data:
secrets:
  db-password:
    file: db/password.txt
'@

Rebuild and restart with the updated configuration:

$ docker compose up --build

When the inspector is ready, you'll see a line like the following in the logs:

Debugger listening on ws://0.0.0.0:9229/...

VS Code

With .vscode/launch.json in place, attach the debugger using the Debug panel.

Open the Debug panel (Ctrl+Shift+D on Windows and Linux, Cmd+Shift+D on Mac), select Attach to Docker Container, and press F5. You can now set breakpoints in your TypeScript source files under src/.

Chrome DevTools

You can also use the built-in Node.js inspector in Chrome without any editor setup.

  1. Open Chrome and go to chrome://inspect.

  2. Select Configure and add localhost:9229.

  3. When your Node.js target appears in the list, select inspect.

Troubleshoot the debugger

If the debugger doesn't connect, verify the container is running and the port is mapped correctly:

$ docker compose ps
$ docker compose logs server

The logs should include a line like:

Debugger listening on ws://0.0.0.0:9229/...

If that line is missing, confirm the dev script in package.json includes --inspect=0.0.0.0:9229 and that 9229:9229 appears in the ports list for the server service in compose.yaml.

For more details about Node.js debugging, see the Node.js debugging guide.

Run Node.js tests in a container

Prerequisites

Complete all the previous sections of this guide, starting with Containerize a Node.js application.

Overview

Testing is a core part of building reliable software. Docker makes it easy to run your tests in the same environment used in CI and production, so failures are caught before they reach your users.

In this section, you'll add Vitest to the project and run tests both locally and inside a container.

Update the application

You'll refactor src/index.ts to export the Express app instance so tests can import it without starting a server. Add a test file and update package.json to add Vitest and a test runner for HTTP requests. The file browser shows only the files that change in this step.

nodejs-docker-example
// Express application backed by a PostgreSQL database.
// Creates a heroes table at startup.
// Endpoints: GET / (greeting), GET /health (health check), POST /heroes/ (create), GET /heroes/ (list).
// See https://expressjs.com/ and https://node-postgres.com/

import express, { type Request, type Response } from "express";
import { Pool } from "pg";
import { readFileSync } from "fs";

export const app = express();
const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT ?? "3000", 10);

app.use(express.json());

function getPassword(): string {
  const passwordFile = process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE;
  if (passwordFile) {
    return readFileSync(passwordFile, "utf8").trim();
  }
  return process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD ?? "";
}

const pool = new Pool({
  host: process.env.POSTGRES_SERVER,
  port: 5432,
  database: process.env.POSTGRES_DB,
  user: process.env.POSTGRES_USER,
  password: getPassword(),
});

if (process.env.POSTGRES_SERVER) {
  pool
    .query(
      `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS heroes (
        id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
        name TEXT NOT NULL,
        secret_name TEXT NOT NULL,
        age INTEGER
      )`,
    )
    .catch(console.error);
}

app.get("/", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ message: "Hello World" });
});

app.get("/health", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ status: "ok" });
});

app.post("/heroes/", async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
  const { name, secret_name, age } = req.body as {
    name: string;
    secret_name: string;
    age?: number;
  };
  const result = await pool.query(
    "INSERT INTO heroes (name, secret_name, age) VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING *",
    [name, secret_name, age],
  );
  res.json(result.rows[0]);
});

app.get("/heroes/", async (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  const result = await pool.query("SELECT * FROM heroes");
  res.json(result.rows);
});

// Only start the server when this file is run directly.
if (require.main === module) {
  app.listen(port, () => {
    console.log(`Server listening on port ${port}`);
  });
}
// Unit tests for the Express application.
// Tests the root endpoint without starting a server.
// See https://vitest.dev/ for the test framework reference.

import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
import request from "supertest";
import { app } from "./index";

describe("GET /", () => {
  it("returns a JSON greeting", async () => {
    const response = await request(app).get("/");
    expect(response.status).toBe(200);
    expect(response.body).toEqual({ message: "Hello World" });
  });
});
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch src/index.ts",
    "test": "vitest run"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2",
    "pg": "^8.16.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "@types/pg": "^8.11.0",
    "supertest": "^7.0.0",
    "@types/supertest": "^6.0.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3",
    "vitest": "^3.0.0"
  }
}
Overwrites existing files with the same names. Run from the parent of your project directory.
mkdir -p nodejs-docker-example/src && cd nodejs-docker-example
cat > src/index.ts <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
// Express application backed by a PostgreSQL database.
// Creates a heroes table at startup.
// Endpoints: GET / (greeting), GET /health (health check), POST /heroes/ (create), GET /heroes/ (list).
// See https://expressjs.com/ and https://node-postgres.com/

import express, { type Request, type Response } from "express";
import { Pool } from "pg";
import { readFileSync } from "fs";

export const app = express();
const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT ?? "3000", 10);

app.use(express.json());

function getPassword(): string {
  const passwordFile = process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE;
  if (passwordFile) {
    return readFileSync(passwordFile, "utf8").trim();
  }
  return process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD ?? "";
}

const pool = new Pool({
  host: process.env.POSTGRES_SERVER,
  port: 5432,
  database: process.env.POSTGRES_DB,
  user: process.env.POSTGRES_USER,
  password: getPassword(),
});

if (process.env.POSTGRES_SERVER) {
  pool
    .query(
      `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS heroes (
        id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
        name TEXT NOT NULL,
        secret_name TEXT NOT NULL,
        age INTEGER
      )`,
    )
    .catch(console.error);
}

app.get("/", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ message: "Hello World" });
});

app.get("/health", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ status: "ok" });
});

app.post("/heroes/", async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
  const { name, secret_name, age } = req.body as {
    name: string;
    secret_name: string;
    age?: number;
  };
  const result = await pool.query(
    "INSERT INTO heroes (name, secret_name, age) VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING *",
    [name, secret_name, age],
  );
  res.json(result.rows[0]);
});

app.get("/heroes/", async (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  const result = await pool.query("SELECT * FROM heroes");
  res.json(result.rows);
});

// Only start the server when this file is run directly.
if (require.main === module) {
  app.listen(port, () => {
    console.log(`Server listening on port ${port}`);
  });
}
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > src/index.test.ts <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
// Unit tests for the Express application.
// Tests the root endpoint without starting a server.
// See https://vitest.dev/ for the test framework reference.

import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
import request from "supertest";
import { app } from "./index";

describe("GET /", () => {
  it("returns a JSON greeting", async () => {
    const response = await request(app).get("/");
    expect(response.status).toBe(200);
    expect(response.body).toEqual({ message: "Hello World" });
  });
});
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
cat > package.json <<'__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__'
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch src/index.ts",
    "test": "vitest run"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2",
    "pg": "^8.16.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "@types/pg": "^8.11.0",
    "supertest": "^7.0.0",
    "@types/supertest": "^6.0.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3",
    "vitest": "^3.0.0"
  }
}
__DOCKER_DOCS_SCAFFOLD_EOF__
# Write files as UTF-8 without BOM. Works on Windows PowerShell 5.1 and PowerShell 7+.
function WriteFile([string]$Path, [string]$Content) {
    $full = Join-Path -Path (Get-Location).ProviderPath -ChildPath $Path
    [System.IO.File]::WriteAllText($full, $Content, [System.Text.UTF8Encoding]::new($false))
}

New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path nodejs-docker-example | Out-Null
New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path nodejs-docker-example/src | Out-Null
Set-Location nodejs-docker-example
WriteFile 'src/index.ts' @'
// Express application backed by a PostgreSQL database.
// Creates a heroes table at startup.
// Endpoints: GET / (greeting), GET /health (health check), POST /heroes/ (create), GET /heroes/ (list).
// See https://expressjs.com/ and https://node-postgres.com/

import express, { type Request, type Response } from "express";
import { Pool } from "pg";
import { readFileSync } from "fs";

export const app = express();
const port = parseInt(process.env.PORT ?? "3000", 10);

app.use(express.json());

function getPassword(): string {
  const passwordFile = process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD_FILE;
  if (passwordFile) {
    return readFileSync(passwordFile, "utf8").trim();
  }
  return process.env.POSTGRES_PASSWORD ?? "";
}

const pool = new Pool({
  host: process.env.POSTGRES_SERVER,
  port: 5432,
  database: process.env.POSTGRES_DB,
  user: process.env.POSTGRES_USER,
  password: getPassword(),
});

if (process.env.POSTGRES_SERVER) {
  pool
    .query(
      `CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS heroes (
        id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
        name TEXT NOT NULL,
        secret_name TEXT NOT NULL,
        age INTEGER
      )`,
    )
    .catch(console.error);
}

app.get("/", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ message: "Hello World" });
});

app.get("/health", (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  res.json({ status: "ok" });
});

app.post("/heroes/", async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
  const { name, secret_name, age } = req.body as {
    name: string;
    secret_name: string;
    age?: number;
  };
  const result = await pool.query(
    "INSERT INTO heroes (name, secret_name, age) VALUES ($1, $2, $3) RETURNING *",
    [name, secret_name, age],
  );
  res.json(result.rows[0]);
});

app.get("/heroes/", async (_req: Request, res: Response) => {
  const result = await pool.query("SELECT * FROM heroes");
  res.json(result.rows);
});

// Only start the server when this file is run directly.
if (require.main === module) {
  app.listen(port, () => {
    console.log(`Server listening on port ${port}`);
  });
}
'@
WriteFile 'src/index.test.ts' @'
// Unit tests for the Express application.
// Tests the root endpoint without starting a server.
// See https://vitest.dev/ for the test framework reference.

import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
import request from "supertest";
import { app } from "./index";

describe("GET /", () => {
  it("returns a JSON greeting", async () => {
    const response = await request(app).get("/");
    expect(response.status).toBe(200);
    expect(response.body).toEqual({ message: "Hello World" });
  });
});
'@
WriteFile 'package.json' @'
{
  "name": "nodejs-docker-example",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "description": "A minimal Node.js TypeScript application.",
  "main": "dist/index.js",
  "scripts": {
    "build": "tsc",
    "start": "node dist/index.js",
    "dev": "tsx watch src/index.ts",
    "test": "vitest run"
  },
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^4.21.2",
    "pg": "^8.16.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "@types/express": "^4.17.21",
    "@types/node": "^22.0.0",
    "@types/pg": "^8.11.0",
    "supertest": "^7.0.0",
    "@types/supertest": "^6.0.0",
    "tsx": "^4.19.3",
    "typescript": "^5.8.3",
    "vitest": "^3.0.0"
  }
}
'@

Run tests locally

Run the following command to run the tests locally:

$ npm install
$ npm test

You should see output like the following:

 RUN  v3.0.0 /app

 ✓ src/index.test.ts (1)
   ✓ GET / (1)
     ✓ returns a JSON greeting

 Test Files  1 passed (1)
      Tests  1 passed (1)
   Start at  12:00:00
   Duration  500ms

Run tests in a container

Run the tests using the dev stage of your Dockerfile:

$ docker compose run --build --rm --no-deps server npm test

The --no-deps flag skips starting the database, since the unit tests don't require it. The --rm flag removes the container when the tests finish.

You should see the same test output as when running locally.

Run tests when building

To run tests during the Docker build process, add a test stage to your Dockerfile that runs after the dev stage.

FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23-dev AS dev

WORKDIR /app

RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    npm install

COPY . .
RUN npm run build

EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["npm", "run", "dev"]


FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23-dev AS deps
WORKDIR /app
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.npm \
    --mount=type=bind,source=package.json,target=package.json \
    npm install --omit=dev

FROM dhi.io/node:24-alpine3.23 AS runner
ENV PATH=/app/node_modules/.bin:$PATH
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=deps --chown=node:node /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=dev --chown=node:node /app/dist ./dist

EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]


FROM dev AS test

ENV CI=true

CMD ["npm", "test"]

Then build and run the test stage:

$ docker build --target test -t nodejs-app-test .
$ docker run --rm nodejs-app-test

Summary

In this section, you learned how to run tests when developing locally and inside a container.

Related information: